Cooperative learning

Introduction Cooperative learning is a grouping strategy that is designed to increase student participation by capitalizing on the social aspects of learning. In mathematics, students cooperate while working together on a geometry puzzle, measuring the playground, or reviewing for a test (Good, Reys, Grouws, Mulryan, 1990).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cooperative learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Spencer Kagan (1994) identified basic principles for implementing cooperative learning successfully: constructive interdependence, individual responsibility, equal involvement, and concurrent communication. Cooperative learning in mathematics Incorporating cooperative learning in teaching 2nd- 4th graders requires organizing the students in groups, or teams that are heterogeneous so that students with different skill levels can understand the basic concepts of mathematics (Evans, 1994). In cooperati ve learning, the use of wooden sticks or plastic disks, geometry puzzle, measuring the playground, or reviewing for a test enable the students to easily solve mathematical problems and conceptualize each mathematical task. Another approach includes providing real world examples instead of conforming strictly to written materials. Discussions such as buying things at a shop or sharing candy with friends can help in integrating real life situations into teaching and enable relevancy with day-to-day life. Providing practice techniques will enable the learners to retain the information gained. Activities Practicing addition and subtraction for 2nd and 4th graders The activities and procedures Draw on the board three parallel lines and two intersecting line. Place + and – signs next to the parallel line. This will create a network of blank boxes. Have the students copy this onto their writing materials.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can h elp you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the grouped students are writing playing such games and writing the numbers on their writing materials, the teacher is also playing by filling out the squares on the board (the grouped students will attempt to beat the teacher). After filling out the boxes ask the pupils if anyone beat your answer, write the best answer on the board and any group with the correct answer gets a point. Develop smaller grids to adapt to the learners level. Implementing this group learning, help the students understand simple mathematical problems (Chiu, 2000). Another procedure is grouping the students into two or more parts, while taking part in geometry puzzle by working out mathematical problem. The main objective of the kind of geometry puzzle is to make the students understand basic geometric equations. This technique applies to both Second and Fourth graders Practicing multiplication and subtraction for 2nd and 4th graders This could be more complicated as compared to the addition and subtraction module. Activities and proceduresAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cooperative learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Provide the students with multiplication tables to practice on their own in preparation for a random quiz in class. In every math lesson, begin by a 10 minute random quiz by asking randomly multiplication questions, note that for second and fourth graders, it is advisable to start with single digit multiplication so that the pupils acquire the basics of multiplication that will enable them solve other multiple digit multiplication. Students that answers the quiz correctly earns points, these will motivate other learners to practice multiplication tables in preparation for the math lesson. For division problems, the use of circular disks will aid in introducing division to second graders. Cut the circle into halves an d quarters to explain the concept of fractions which will form the basic concepts in division. For fourth graders the pupils should have the basics of division and therefore introducing multiple digit division is appropriate. Useful Sources or URL http://www.theteachersguide.com/ https://www.grandviewc4.net/ http://www.sedl.org/pubs/classroom-compass/cc_v1n2.pdfAdvertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Chiu, M. M. (2000). Group problem solving processes: Social interactions and individual actions. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 30, 1, 27-50.600-631. Evans, L. (1994). EASY ADDITION. Lesson Plan. Web. Good, T. L., Reys, B. J., Grouws, D. A., Mulryan, C. M. (1990). Using work groups in mathematics instruction. Educational leadership, 47, 56-60. Kagan, S. (1994). Kagan cooperative learning. 2nd ed. San Clemente, CA: Kagan Publishing. This research paper on Cooperative learning was written and submitted by user Eva Ross to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Soldier Mom Essays

Soldier Mom Essays Soldier Mom Essay Soldier Mom Essay â€Å"Soldier Mom†, one of Alice Mead’s novels, tells a story about the eleven-year old Jasmyn Williams who was left behind with her half baby brother when their mother was sent to war (Alice Mead Books).It was on early August of 1990 when Paula, Jasmyn’s mother, was assigned to be part of the Operation Desert Storm in Saudi Arabia at the start of the Persian Gulf War (Soldier Mom: Editorial Reviews). In less than two days, her mother will be leaving her and her half brother Andrew. Paula didn’t have enough time to make arrangements for her children leaving her the option of sending them to her boyfriend, Jake.Jasmyn was surprised knowing that their mother will leave them for seven months of duty. She was worried of her mother’s safety. During that time, Jasmyn was more interested in basketball serving as their team captain. All of a sudden, she would be doing household chores such as cooking, cleaning, and most of all taking care of her half-brothe r Andrew (Authors and Artists for Young Adults on Alice Mead).Living her life with Jake and taking care of her brother made a very big change in her life. Jake was not helping her that much on the household chores and he even forgot her birthday (Soldier Mom: Editorial Reviews). There were also times that she was left alone taking care of Andrew. Because of these new responsibilities, she spent more time in doing household chores rather than her passion, basketball. Because lesser times were spent for basketball, Jasmyn feared that she would have to give her position to another member, Bridget O’Donnell.As a pre-teenager, Jasmyn became angry to her mother thinking that she abandoned them just to go to war rather than spent time taking care of them. She became mad to the situation where her mother was away from them and for Jake’s lack of sense of fatherhood. She also believed that their mother doesn’t love them because if she does, she would never leave them (So ldier Mom: Editorial Reviews).Through time, Jake begun to accept his responsibility of taking care both for Andrew and Jasmyn. Jasmyn also realized that she should consider Jake as part of the family and as a substitute parent. She also accepted that fact that her mother was just doing her obligation and not intentionally leaving them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Soldier Mom† tells a story more about the effects of war towards the children rather than the war itself. It portrays the life of the family who were left behind with a relative soldier fighting on another land. It gives a better picture of the effects of war on the lives of the family of a soldier and how they are able to cope with the situation.In the case of Jasmyn, she was forced to live a life full of responsibilities even at a young age. Hatred and feeling of abandonment swept all over her. She was forced to give up her passion and perform her duty as a daughter and as a sister; but all the while , she was beginning to accept her situation and think more for what’s best rather than feel depressed. She was able to cope on her situation and realized the importance of her mother’s duty not just for her but also for their country. She was then able to work out her relationship with Jake and considered him as a father.All these scenarios showed the harsh effect of fighting countries towards the families at the same time, the role of adults around the children who were greatly affected. It showed the importance of mature individuals on the understanding and growth of children while coping with the new situation.

Journal assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journal assignment - Essay Example The first article was about the people of Himalayas and their way of life. The population in this part of the country is not so high which is greatly affected by the climate making communication and movement difficult in these harsh living conditions. Over the years, people living in the remote and isolated villages have preserved their identity. However, the advancements in technology, communication and transport, are bringing the people exposure to the outer world. With a population of around 40 million, the place is mostly occupied by the Hindus of the Indian origin and the Tibetan Buddhists. Most of the economy in this area is dependent on agriculture. What was surprising is that even with the advancement of technology, the modern industries are lacking in this area. The Himalayas has major hydroelectric potential, but the development of hydroelectric resources requires outside capital investment (Himalayas, uttaranchal.ws). Over the last decade, it has witnessed a lot of growth in population but not so equal growth of employment. This has also led to the lack of development in this area. Another reason is Education, which is improper and lacking. Skilled labor to organize and manage the development of natural resources is in scarce. One of the impressions I got about this place was even with the rich government, people in many parts of the mountain face malnutrition, lack of good drinking water facility and poor health services. The food production is not enough to serve all the people. A large portion of the food processing involves developing cereals, wheat, barley, millet, sugarcane, tea and fruit processing is also done in large amounts. However, the people and the place with its natural beauty makes it a heaven to live in. This has been the unique about this country. A lot of people from different cultures and language reside in the same place with peace. Reading about this place has given me an idea about the peaceful nature

Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Coursework Example More water is needed to break bonds as hydrate contains hydrogen bonds between the water molecules. Anhydrous has faster dissolution rate forming a supersaturated solution within a shorter period of time (British pharmacopein, 2012). Theophylline is often manufactured in a modified – release formulations because of its characteristic of having a narrow therapeutic range. It is, thus, given at right doses. Modified release formulation would provide need to be provided at every 12 hours of enough plasma concentration. Peak serum-theophylline concentration occurs 4 hours after ingestion, which means formulation can release the drug at the right time. An overdose may be toxic. This imply that the formulation can provide constant release of the drug. (British Pharmacopein, 2012). Talc acts as a dissolution retardant and as a lubricant, Povidine (k25) acts as binder, Hydroxyethylcellulose acts as a binder, with Nuelin SA, acting as a plasticizer and as a surfactant (Raymond & Paul, 2012). Basing on the results in the spreadsheet, it is certain that Uniphyllin 300 mg had the slowest rate of release in different media (both HCL and phosphate dissolution buffer media). It was found out that Nueclin SA contained higher rate of release than Uniphyllin 300 in both phosphate and HCL buffer media. The percent release Uniphyllin 300mg in 0.1 HCL was 33.10% at 180 min, whereas percentage release of Neulin SA 250 mg in 0.1 HCL was 60.12 percent at 180 min of Uniphyllin 300mg in phosphate buffer was 34.85% at 180min, while percentage release of Nuelin SA 250 in phosphate buffer was 67.12% at 180min (Raymond & Paul, 2012). From the results obtained, it is quite clear that Nuelin SA 250 displayed PH-dependant drug release rate. The PH dependent gradient release is due to cellulose acetate phthalate. Cellulose acetate phthalate is used as an enteric coating on capsules or the tablets so that they do not dissolve until they are within the stomach acidic juicesof

Career Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Career Plan - Essay Example Strengths and Weaknesses Concerning my strengths, I have strong interpersonal skills. In this case, I am able to connect and relate with people since I am a keen listener and engage people because I communicate well with them and make them express themselves better by making them confident when we are communicating. This will help me establish good relationships with my colleagues and help me achieve my career goals since I will have the capacity of completing my roles and responsibilities within an organization. Other than strong interpersonal skills, I am a well-organized individual and an orderly person with regard to my roles as a student and my personal life. Good organization skills are essential for effective management and in particular to an individual aspiring to build a career in human resource management. My strengths include efficiency in change management and responding critically to emergencies without being emotional. This will be an essential skill in analyzing the a reas that my organization needs to respond quickly and efficiently to in order to ensure effective management of changes in the workplace. ... In this case, I have witnessed several occasions in which I have pushed my capabilities hard to ensure there was perfection in achieving my goals. In this case, I work overly hard to achieve my goals, and I even push other people hard in order for us to achieve the goals of the tasks ahead. This character of being overly passionate in achieving perfection makes me stubborn to a far extent. Nonetheless, I will use my strong interpersonal skills to ensure that I do not become overly stubborn due to my desire of ensuring perfection. Goals and Objectives My main career goal is to become the best in the human resources management field and help my organization to achieve its vision and mission by efficiently using the human resource capital. To achieve this goal, my aim will be to ensure that personnel in my organization were managed to the extent that allowed them to utilize their potential and work towards achieving organizational goals. Moreover, my goal is to ensure that there was inc reased productivity every year by tapping out the capabilities of the organization’s personnel and align their goals to the organizational goals, which will improve productivity. Other than these goals, I want to contribute to the field of human resources management by identifying various areas that an organization should focus on in order to exploit the capacity and potential of its personnel. Achieving the goal of improving productivity will encompass various objectives that I must accomplish in order to achieve my goals. First, I will enroll for a master’s degree program in human resources management one year after my college graduation. In this case, I want to focus on acquiring skills and knowledge that will

Structure of Carlsberg Brewery Malaysia

Structure of Carlsberg Brewery Malaysia The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational structure of a company and how it can be applied or beneficial to the company that have chosen. Supporting research and statements are clearly explained throughout this report. Here, Carlsberg Brewery Malaysia has been chosen as the main subject of this study. Introduction Carlsberg Group was founded by J.C. Jacobsen in 1847. Since then, it has made its prestigious position to the worlds fourth largest brewery group. The headquarters of the Carlsberg Group is at Copenhagen, Denmark. Carlsberg Group extended their business to others market areas. Currently, there are more than 50 Carlsberg breweries around the world, and Carlsberg Brewery Malaysia is one of it. Carlsberg Malaysia has incorporated in December 1969. Its expanded brand portfolio includes Jolly Shandy Lemon, SKOL Super beer, Carlsberg Green Label as well as non-alcoholic drinks. Due to the high quality of beer products, Carlsberg Malaysia has led the Malaysia Sales Market and left an effective impact on the economic growth. Organization structure is important to deal with in the organizations development. And yet, a clear and an effective organization structure is the major factor and force to lead Carlsberg Malaysia in their businesss development and growth. Designing Organizational Structure Management is the major issue in operating a business, it involves four functions: planning, organizing, leading and controlling whereas organizing is an indispensable step to lead a business to grow. Organizing is an important process for the managers to design a formal organizations structure. As stated by Schermerhorn, Jr. (2011), the way in which the various parts of an organization are formally arranged is usually referred to as the organization structure. Organization structure identifies roles, responsibilities and tasks of each job position and the relationships among these positions. It must be coordinated and grouped in a logical manner in order to achieve the organizations objectives. Organization structure can be shown visually in an organizational chart. Drawing an organization chart is beneficial to the top layer management of Carlsberg Malaysia. When drawing it, those managers are forced to analyze the relationships between each job position and this may help them to make improvements. When managers design or create their organization structure, they must engaged in six key elements: work specialization, departmentalization, span of control, chain of command, centralization and decentralization, and formalization. Work Specialization The term work specialization, is to describe the process of dividing work activities in an organization into separate job tasks. Its also known as division of labor. Managers of Carlsberg Malaysia have put so much efforts on this step to design the effective organization structure. In order to increase the work output, they specialize each employee in doing a particular task rather than entire task. Moreover, there are some tasks that require highly-developed skills whereas some tasks only require lower skills, the managers use work specialization to make efficient use of the difference of skills that the employees or workers own. This approach is obviously beneficial in the manufacturing department of Carlsberg Malaysia. There are various types of brands manufactured under the organization. With this approach, every worker only participate in a single task or aspect of the production. For instance, one worker participates in the production of the SKOL Super Beer, another works for the Carlsberg Green Label, and so forth. Each worker could increase productivity and perform the maximize efficiency because they concentrate on their job task. Departmentalization After job tasks have been separated through work specialization, they are grouped together so that common or related work activities can be done in an integrated way. The basis of how jobs are grouped back together is called Departmentalization. Some of the standard and common forms of departmentalization used include functional, geographical, product, process, customer and etcetera. The way that Carlsberg Malaysia utilized to group activities is by functions and it can be evidently seen in the organization chart. The chart shows the functional structure of the organization, with top management followed by the functions of business development, marketing, human resources, financial and so on. In Carlsberg Malaysia, people with similar skills or performing the similar job tasks are grouped into work units. Each department will have the experts and the experts will be given the authority to make decisions within their areas of expertise. Following are the benefits of functional structure towards the organization: High level of efficiency and productivity performed by the employees because they experienced the same job tasks. Employees are easier to train because they only concentrate on specific and narrow areas. Job tasks tend to be done consistently because common knowledge share within the experts and specialists. Chain of command The organization chart that declared before in the report shows the well-structured chain of command, which identifies the relationship between the superior and subordinate. Robbins Coulter (2012) commented that chain of command is the line of authority extending from upper organizational levels to lower levels, which clarifies who reports to whom. When the organization grow in size, the chain of command tend to become taller and there will be more layers of management. Suppose an employee from Sales Department had a problem. He or she may come up with the question like: Who would help him or her to resolve the issues? This question can be solved by the following principle. Chain of command has underlying principle, which is the unity of command. The principle of chain of command states that an employee should report to only one manager. Working in Carlsberg Malaysia, each employee understand whom to report or responsible to. They are assigned to the respective managers. For example, salesperson only will report to the head of the Sales Department. Span of control Span of control can be defined as the number of subordinates that report directly to and effectively manage by a manager. It is an important consideration in how efficient Carlsberg Malaysia will be. The appropriate span must be concerned in management because it affects coordination. Tall organization structure has narrow span of control, while flat organization structure has wide span of control. Management of Carlsberg Malaysia classified as narrow span of control. Each manager has fewer subordinates to supervise. The managers are able to administer and control the subordinates closely, thus they will have more time to train their underling. However, narrow spans have certain drawbacks such as vertical communication will be become more complex and hence the decision making will be slow down, higher costs due to high level of management hierarchy, and others. Centralization and Decentralization Should most decision be made at the top levels of an organization, or should they be dispersed by extensive delegation throughout all levels of management? (Schermerhorn, Jr. , 2011, p.251) Centralization refers to the degree of authority for decision making at the upper levels of an organization, decentralization is the distribution of authority for decision making to the lower-level employees. Generally, small firms or company that started off in the hands of a founding family often use centralized organizational structure. Each conception offers pros and cons for the organization. Carlsberg Malaysia is a decentralized organization. The top management offers the employees authority to make decision as they are closer to the problem and they have more detailed knowledge and experiences about it so that they can act more quickly to give solution to the problem. For example, Carlsberg Malaysia offers their sales department adequate authority on choosing what method to promote the new product rather than enforce them to promote in traditional ways. Decentralized structure takes some burden of day-to-day non-important problem solving off the top management, so they are left free to put more effort on their strategic planning, higher-level decision making and important financial decisions. Moreover, decentralization provides low-level employee with crucial experience in making decision. With this experience, they would be well prepared to act decisively after they are promoted into higher-level positions. Formalization Nowadays, employees are expected to deal with the same input in exactly the same way and provide a consistent output. This is a highly formalized organizations expectation. As indicated by Robbins Coulter (2012), formalization refers to how standardized an organizations jobs are and the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures. When formalization is high, the organization offers specific job descriptions, many organizational rules, and clear work processes. Conversely, in a low formalized organization, the employee will have more freedom in how they do their work. To make a more flexible working environment, Carlsberg Malaysia tends to become low formalized organization although formalization is needed for consistent control. Rules may be too restrictive in some situations. Thus, they give the employees sufficient independence to make decisions that they feel the best under the circumstances and would not affect the organizations reputation. However, it does not mean the employees do not need to obey the organizational rules and regulations since there will be some important staff policies such as not to use company computer to view social network like Facebook. Employee satisfaction will be increase by working in this freedom and positive working environment and employee turnovers rate will be reduced. Conclusion A well-organized internal structure is important for every organization to operate and run their business. Additionally, the size of the organization indicate the degree of work specialization, departmentalization, span of control, chain of command, centralization and decentralization and formalization required. Therefore, the management of Carlsberg Malaysia need to determine which structure will be the most effective for them.

Mexican/Latin American “War” on Drugs and Trafficking Essay -- Drugs,

The international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. It can be hard to differentiate between conflict and issue in regards to Latin America’s drug war and International Relations. The Mexican drug war is a global issue because it interferes with the states ability to collaborate and form policy in order to address the issues between international borders. Conflict arises because certain states want to resolve the situation and are willing to do what is necessary to do so. While drug-related violence in Mexico receives considerable attention, the Northern Triangle of Latin America is far worse. Venezuela has emerged as a major departure point for cocaine trafficked to Europe. Between 2006 and 2008 over half of all detected maritime shipments of cocaine to Europe came from Venezuela. (Crime 2010) These ports in Latin America have had an impact on the cities in the Bahamas as well with the drug cartels exporting their drugs quicker to the surrounding countries; they use the ports of the Caribbean to refuel while on the way to Amer ica. The waters of the Caribbean islands are patrolled by navies from the United States, France, Canada and the Netherlands. (Barnes 2010) However, the patrolling of the waters has not had a significant impact in the delivery of drugs to other countries. As the international drug trade continues to spread and grow, Mexican dru... ...it is their states right to produce these illegal substances if they wish. Supply and demand also shows that as long as people are willing to do illegal drugs states and people will continue to produce them. The United Nations, an international organization, has set up an office called the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, this office is authorized to set up field based projects, research and analytical work, and normative work in the effort to counteract illegal drugs, crime, and terrorism. This office reports directly to the general assembly and is part of a larger Intergovernmental Organization. (U. N. Crime 1997) With this office and the principles of reciprocity, a response to another’s actions when states that help one another in times of trouble or need, governments across the globe are uniting their efforts to stop the trafficking of illegal drugs.